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Performance evaluation of PAM 4 modulated Hermite Gaussian mode division multiplexed underwater optical wireless communication system under Jerlov water conditions

AMIT GROVER1, MEHTAB SINGH2,* , KARAMJEET SINGH1, SOMIA A. ABD EL MOTTALEB3, AMMAR ARMGHAN4, TANVIR KAUR5

Affiliation

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University, Ferozepur, Punjab, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
  3. Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
  5. Amazon Web Services, USA

Abstract

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a mode division multiplexing ( based underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system employing Hermite Gaussian (HG) modes and four level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM 4) signaling. The system utilizes four orthogonal HG modes (𝐻𝐺00,𝐻𝐺10,𝐻𝐺01, and 𝐻𝐺11) to achieve an aggregated transmission capacity of 80 Gbps (20 Gbps per mode). The optical link performance is analyzed over five distinct Jerlov water types JI, JIA, JIB, JII, and JIII considering the impact of increasing propagation distance on bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and eye diagram characteristics. The simulation results indicate that the proposed HG MDM UOWC system supports reliable transmission distances of approximately 65 m, 51 m, 28.5 m, 13.2 m, and 4.75 m for JI, JIA, JIB, JII, and JIII water types respectively, at the forward error correction (FEC) threshold. Among the evaluated scenarios, JI water demonstrates the best performance with minimal EVM degradation and clear eye openings across all HG channels. The findings confirm that spatial mode multiplexing through orthogonal HG beams significantly enhances data throughput in UOWC systems, though performance strongly depends on water clarity and scattering characteristics.

Keywords

Underwater optical wireless communication, Mode division multiplexing, Hermite Gaussian modes, PAM 4, Propagation range.

Citation

AMIT GROVER, MEHTAB SINGH, KARAMJEET SINGH, SOMIA A. ABD EL MOTTALEB, AMMAR ARMGHAN, TANVIR KAUR, Performance evaluation of PAM 4 modulated Hermite Gaussian mode division multiplexed underwater optical wireless communication system under Jerlov water conditions, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 20, 1-2, January-February 2026, pp.35-43 (2026).

Submitted at: Oct. 20, 2025

Accepted at: Feb. 2, 2026