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Photonic crystal based finer surface plasmonic sensor for detecting cancer

GAUTAM NARAYAN NIRALA1, SIMARPREET KAUR2, SHAHIRUDDIN3, P. R. YASHASWINI4, M. A. IBRAR JAHAN5,*

Affiliation

  1. Electronics & Communication Engg., National Institute of Technology, Patna Campus, Patna, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bakhtiyarpur college of Engineering, Patna, Bihar, 803212, India
  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka 573202, India
  5. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560098, India

Abstract

Particularly designed for ultra-sensitive early-stage cancer detection, this ground-breaking study offers a novel fusion of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) technology with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing systems. A unique hexagonal lattice PCF structure with ideal air hole geometry and judicious gold nanoparticle implantation is included into the created biosensor to attain hitherto unheard-of sensitivity in cancer biomarker detection. With a resolution of 2.1×10^-5 RIU, the sensor shows impressive performance metrics by means of rigorous computational analysis and experimental validation: a sensitivity of 4,235 nm/RIU in the key refractive index range of 1.33–1.34. By allowing simultaneous detection of several cancer biomarkers—including Carcino embryonic Antigen (CEA), Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125)—the sensor architecture achieves detection limits as low as 0.085 ng/mL in complicated biological matrices. Further improving the sensor's dependability and sensitivity is the use of sophisticated signal processing algorithms with machine learning methods. With a sensitivity of 98.7% and a specificity of 99.2%, thorough clinical validation employing 1,500 patient samples shows the sensor's strong performance in real-world diagnostic settings. This work marks a major progress in the creation of easily available, very sensitive, and reasonably priced diagnostic instruments for early cancer detection, hence transforming pointof-care cancer diagnosis and monitoring.

Keywords

Photonic crystal fiber, Surface plasmon resonance, Cancer biomarkers, Nanophotonic biosensor, Early cancer detection, Plasmonic enhancement.

Citation

GAUTAM NARAYAN NIRALA, SIMARPREET KAUR, SHAHIRUDDIN, P. R. YASHASWINI, M. A. IBRAR JAHAN, Photonic crystal based finer surface plasmonic sensor for detecting cancer, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 19, 5-6, May-June 2025, pp.251-262 (2025).

Submitted at: Jan. 30, 2025

Accepted at: June 3, 2025